<strong>Artificial Intelligence Industry In China</strong>

The expert system industry in individuals's Republic of China is a rapidly developing multi-billion dollar market. The roots of China's AI development began in the late 1970s following Deng Xiaoping's economic reforms stressing science and innovation as the country's main efficient force.
The initial phases of China's AI advancement were slow and came across considerable difficulties due to absence of resources and skill. At the starting China lagged a lot of Western nations in regards to <a href="https://www.k-tamm.de/">AI</a> advancement. A bulk of the research was led by researchers who had gotten greater education abroad. [1]
Since 2006, the federal government of the People's Republic of China has actually gradually developed a nationwide program for artificial intelligence development and emerged as one of the leading countries in expert system research study and development. [2] In 2016, the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) released its thirteenth five-year strategy in which it intended to end up being a global AI leader by 2030. [3]
The State Council has a list of "nationwide AI teams" including fifteen China-based companies, including Baidu, Tencent, Alibaba, SenseTime, and iFlytek. [citation needed] Each company ought to lead the advancement of a designated specialized AI sector in China, such as facial acknowledgment, software/hardware, and speech recognition. China's fast AI advancement has considerably affected Chinese society in many locations, including the socio-economic, military, and political spheres. Agriculture, transportation, lodging and food services, and production are the top industries that would be the most affected by additional AI deployment.
The private sector, university labs, and the military are working collaboratively in lots of aspects as there are couple of present existing boundaries. [4] In 2021, China released the Data Security Law of individuals's Republic of China, its first nationwide law addressing <a href="https://shoesoutfit.com/">AI</a>-related ethical issues. In October 2022, the United States federal government revealed a series of export controls and trade restrictions intended to limit China's access to sophisticated computer system chips for AI applications. [5] [6]
Concerns have been raised about the results of the Chinese federal government's censorship routine on the development of generative expert system and talent acquisition with state of the country's demographics. [7] [8]
History
The research and development of synthetic intelligence in China started in the 1980s, with the announcement by Deng Xiaoping of the value of science and technology for China's economic development. [3]
Late 1970s to early 2010s
Artificial intelligence research and advancement did not begin till the late 1970s after Deng Xiaoping's financial reforms. [3] While there was a lack of AI-related research study in between the 1950s and 1960s, some scholars believe this is due to the influence of cybernetics from the Soviet Union despite the Sino-Soviet split throughout the late 1950s and early 1960s. [9] In the 1980s, a group of Chinese researchers released AI research led by Qian Xuesen and Wu Wenjun. [9] However, during the time, China's society still had a typically conservative view towards AI. [9] Early AI development in China was challenging so China's government approached these obstacles by sending Chinese scholars overseas to study AI and more offering government funds for research projects. The Chinese Association for Expert System (CAAI) was established in September 1981 and was licensed by the Ministry of Civil Affairs. [10] The first chairman of the executive committee was Qin Yuanxun, who received a PhD in viewpoint from Harvard University. [citation needed] In 1987, China's very first research study publication on expert system was published by Tsinghua University. Beginning in 1993, smart automation and intelligence have actually become part of China's nationwide innovation plan. [9]
Since the 2000s, the Chinese government has even more broadened its research and development funds for AI and the number of government-sponsored research study tasks has actually drastically increased. [3] In 2006, China announced a policy priority for the advancement of synthetic intelligence, which was consisted of in the National Medium and Long Term Plan for the Development of Science and Technology (2006-2020), released by the State Council. [2] In the exact same year, expert system was likewise pointed out in the eleventh five-year strategy. [11]
In 2011, the Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence (AAAI) established a branch in Beijing, China. [12] At same year, the Wu Wenjun Artificial Intelligence Science and Technology Award was established in honor of Chinese mathematician Wu Wenjun, and it ended up being the highest award for Chinese achievements in the field of synthetic intelligence. The first award event was hung on May 14, 2012. [13] In 2013, the International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI) was held in Beijing, marking the very first time the conference was kept in China. This event coincided with the Chinese federal government's announcement of the "Chinese Intelligence Year," a significant milestone in China's development of expert system. [12]
Late 2010s to early 2020s
The State Council of China released "A Next Generation Expert System Development Plan" (State Council Document [2017] No. 35) on 20 July 2017. In the document, the CCP Central Committee and the State Council urged governing bodies in China to promote the advancement of synthetic intelligence. Specifically, the plan explained AI as a strategic innovation that has ended up being a "focus of international competition". [14]:2 The document advised significant financial investment in a variety of strategic locations associated with AI and called for close cooperation in between the state and economic sectors. On the celebration of CCP basic secretary Xi Jinping's speech at the first plenary meeting of the Central Military-Civil Fusion Development Committee (CMCFDC), scholars from the National Defense University wrote in the PLA Daily that the "transferability of social resources" between financial and military ends is a necessary element to being a fantastic power. [15] During the Two Sessions 2017,"expert system plus" was proposed to be elevated to a tactical level. [16] The very same year saw the introduction of multiple application-level uses in the medical field according to reports. [17] Furthermore, the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) established their AI processor chip research study laboratory in Nanjing, and introduced their first AI specialization chip, Cambrian. [citation required]
In 2018, Xinhua News Agency, in partnership with Tencent's subsidiary Sogou, released its first artificial intelligence-generated news anchor. [18] [19] [20]
In 2018, the State Council allocated $2.1 billion for an AI industrial park in Mentougou district. [21] In order to achieve this the State Council mentioned the need for huge skill acquisition, theoretical and practical advancements, along with public and personal financial investments. [14] A few of the mentioned inspirations that the State Council gave for pursuing its AI strategy include the potential of expert system for industrial improvement, better social governance and keeping social stability. [14] Since completion of 2020, Shanghai's Pudong District had 600 AI business across fundamental, technical, and application layers, with associated industries valued at around 91 billion yuan. [22]
In 2019, the application of expert system expanded to various fields such as quantum physics, geography, and medical research study. With the introduction of large language models (LLMs), at the beginning of 2020, Chinese researchers began establishing their own LLMs. One such example is the multimodal big design called 'Zidongtaichu.' [23]
The Beijing Academy of Expert system released China's very first large scale pre-trained language design in 2022. [24] [25]:283
In November 2022, the Cyberspace Administration of China (CAC), Ministry of Industry and Infotech, and the Ministry of Public Security collectively provided the guidelines worrying deepfakes, which ended up being reliable in January 2023. [26]
In July 2023, Huawei released its variation 3.0 of its Pangu LLM. [27]
In July 2023, China launched its Interim Measures for the Administration of Generative Expert System Services. [28]:96 A draft proposition on fundamental generative AI services safety requirements, consisting of specs for data collection and model training was issued in October 2023. [28]:96
Also in October 2023, the Chinese federal government released its Global AI Governance Initiative, which frames its AI policy as part of a Community of Common Destiny and intends to build AI policy dialogue with developing nations. [29] [28]:93 The Initiative has actually expressed issue over AI safety threats, including abuse of information or the use of AI by terrorists. [28]:93
In 2024, Spamouflage, an online disinformation and propaganda campaign of the Ministry of Public Security, began utilizing news anchors created with generative expert system to deliver phony news clips. [18]
In March 2024, Premier Li Qiang launched the AI+ Initiative, which means to integrate AI into China's genuine economy. [28]:95
In May 2024, the Cyberspace Administration of China revealed that it rolled out a large language design trained on Xi Jinping Thought. [30]
According to the 2024 report from the International Data Corporation (IDC), Baidu AI Cloud holds China's biggest LLM market share with 19.9 percent and US$ 49 million in profits over the last year. This was followed by SenseTime, with 16 percent market share, and by Zhipu AI, as the 3rd largest. The fourth and 5th biggest were Baichuan and the Hong-Kong listed AI business 4Paradigm respectively. [31] Baichuan, Zhipu AI, Moonshot AI and MiniMax were applauded by financiers as China's brand-new "AI Tigers". [32] In April 2024, 117 generative AI models had been approved by the Chinese federal government. [33]
Since 2024, lots of Chinese innovation firms such as Zhipu AI and Bytedance have actually launched AI video-generation tools to competing OpenAI's Sora. [34]
Chronology of major AI-related policies
Ministry of Science and Technology; Ministry of Industry and Infotech; the Central Leading Group for Cyberspace Affairs
National Development and Reform Commission; Ministry of Science and Technology Ministry of Industry and Infotech
Government objectives
According to a February 2019 publication by the Center for a New American Security, CCP basic secretary Xi Jinping - believes that being at the forefront of AI technology will be critical to the future of global military and economic power competition. [35] By 2025, the State Council aims for China to make essential contributions to basic AI theory and to strengthen its place as an international leader in AI research study. Further, the State Council intends for AI to end up being "the main driving force for China's commercial upgrading and financial improvement" by this time. [14] By 2030, the State Council aims to have China be the international leader in the advancement of expert system theory and technology. The State Council claims that China will have established a "mature new-generation AI theory and innovation system." [14]
According to academics Karen M. Sutter and Zachary Arnold, the Chinese government "seeks to combine state preparation and control while some functional flexibility for companies. In this context, China's AI companies are hybrid gamers. The state guides their activity, funds, and shields them from foreign competition through domestic market defenses, producing asymmetric advantages as they expand offshore." [36]
The CCP's fourteenth five-year strategy declared AI as a top research priority and ranks AI initially amongst "frontier markets" that the Chinese federal government aims to focus on through 2035. [3] The AI industry is a tactical sector frequently supported by China's federal government guidance funds. [37]:167
Research and advancement
Chinese public AI funding generally concentrated on sophisticated and applied research. [38] The government financing also supported multiple AI R&D in the economic sector through equity capital that are backed by the state. [38] Much analytic agency research study revealed that, while China is massively purchasing all elements of <a href="https://chestermeretoday.com/">AI</a> development, facial recognition, biotechnology, quantum computing, medical intelligence, and self-governing lorries are AI sectors with the most attention and funding. [39]
According to nationwide assistance on establishing China's state-of-the-art commercial advancement zones by the Ministry of Science and Technology, there are fourteen cities and one county selected as a speculative advancement zone. [40] Zhejiang and Guangdong provinces have the most AI development in speculative locations. However, the focus of AI R&D differed depending upon cities and local commercial advancement and community. For example, Suzhou, a city with a longstanding strong production market, heavily focuses on automation and AI infrastructure while Wuhan focuses more on AI implementations and the education sector. [40] In connection with universities, tech companies, and national ministries, Shenzhen and Hangzhou each co-founded generative AI labs. [25]:282
In 2016 and 2017, Chinese groups won the top reward at the Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge, a global competitors for computer vision systems. [41] Much of these systems are now being incorporated into China's domestic monitoring network. [42]
Interdisciplinary partnerships play a necessary role in China's AI R&D, including academic-corporate collaboration, public-private collaborations, and global cooperations and tasks with corporate-government collaborations are the most common. [1] China ranked in the top 3 around the world following the United States and the European Union for the overall variety of peer-reviewed AI publications that are produced under a corporate-academic partnership between 2015 and 2019. [43] Besides, according to an <a href="http://florence.boignard.free.fr/">AI</a> index report, China exceeded the U.S. in 2020 in the total variety of international <a href="https://www.sicaing.es/">AI</a>-related journal citations. [43] In terms of AI-related R&D, China-based peer-reviewed AI papers are primarily sponsored by the federal government. In May 2021, China's Beijing Academy of Artificial Intelligence released the world's largest pre-trained language model (WuDao). [44]
As of 2023, 47% of the world's top AI scientists had completed their undergraduate studies in China. [28]:101
According to scholastic Angela Huyue Zhang, publishing in 2024, while the Chinese government has actually been proactive in regulating AI services and enforcing responsibilities on AI companies, the total method to its regulation is loose and shows a pro-growth policy beneficial to China's AI industry. [28]:96 In July 2024, the government opened its very first algorithm registration center in Beijing. [45]
Population
China's big population creates a massive quantity of accessible data for companies and researchers, which offers an important benefit in the race of huge data. Since 2024 [update], China has the world's largest number of internet users, producing substantial amounts of information for maker learning and AI applications. [46]:18
Facial acknowledgment
Facial recognition is among the most commonly employed AI applications in China. Collecting these large amounts of information from its citizens assists more train and expand AI abilities. China's market is not just conducive and important for corporations to additional AI R&D however likewise offers incredible financial possible bring in both global and domestic firms to sign up with the AI market. The drastic development of the info and communication technology (ICT) industry and AI chipsets recently are two examples of this. [47] China has ended up being the world's largest exporter of facial acknowledgment innovation, according to a January 2023 Wired report. [48]
Censorship and material controls
In April 2023, [49] the Cyberspace Administration of China (CAC) issued draft measures specifying that tech companies will be bound to make sure AI-generated content supports the ideology of the CCP consisting of Core Socialist Values, avoids discrimination, respects intellectual residential or commercial property rights, and safeguards user information. [50] [25]:278 Under these draft steps, companies bear legal duty for training information and content generated through their platforms. [25]:278 In October 2023, the Chinese federal government mandated that generative artificial intelligence-produced content might not "prompt subversion of state power or the overthrowing of the socialist system." [51] Before launching a big language model to the public, companies should seek approval from the CAC to accredit that the model refuses to respond to particular questions associating with political ideology and criticism of the CCP. [8] [52] Questions associated with politically sensitive subjects such as the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre or contrasts in between Xi Jinping and Winnie the Pooh should be decreased. [52]
In 2023, in-country gain access to was blocked to Hugging Face, a business that preserves libraries consisting of training data sets commonly utilized for big language designs. [8] A subsidiary of the People's Daily, the official newspaper of the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party, offers regional business with training information that CCP leaders consider permissible. [8] In 2024, the People's Daily released a LLM-based tool called Easy Write. [53]
Microsoft has cautioned that the Chinese federal government uses generative synthetic intelligence to interfere in foreign elections by spreading disinformation and provoking conversations on dissentious political concerns. [54] [55] [56]
The Chinese expert system design DeepSeek has actually been reported to decline to respond to concerns connecting to things about the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre, persecution of Uyghurs, comparisons between Xi Jinping and Winnie the Pooh or human rights in China. [57] [58] [59]
Impact
Economic effect
Most firms [who?] hold optimistic views about AI's financial impact on China's long-lasting economic growth. In the past, standard industries in China have struggled with the increase in labor expenses due to the growing aging population in China and the low birth rate. With the release of AI, functional expenses are anticipated to minimize while an increase in effectiveness generates revenue development. [60] Some highlight the value of a clear policy and governmental assistance in order to get rid of adoption barriers consisting of costs and lack of appropriately trained technical skills and AI awareness. [61] However, there are issues about China's deepening income inequality and the ever-expanding imbalanced labor market in China. Low- and medium-income employees may be the most negatively impacted by China's AI advancement since of increasing demands for workers with innovative abilities. [61] Furthermore, China's financial growth might be disproportionately divided as a majority of AI-related commercial advancement is concentrated in seaside areas rather than inland. [61]
A prominent choice by the Beijing Internet Court has ruled that <a href="https://ptiacademy.com/">AI</a>-generated content is entitled to copyright security. [28]:98
Military effect
China looks for to build a "world-class" armed force by "intelligentization" with a specific concentrate on making use of unmanned weapons and expert system. [62] [63] It is investigating numerous kinds of air, land, sea, and undersea autonomous cars. In the spring of 2017, a civilian Chinese university with ties to the military demonstrated an AI-enabled swarm of 1,000 uninhabited aerial lorries at an airshow. A media report launched afterwards revealed a computer system simulation of a comparable swarm formation finding and destroying a rocket launcher. [4]:23 Open-source publications suggested that China is likewise developing a suite of AI tools for cyber operations. [64] [4]:27 Chinese advancement of military AI is mainly affected by China's observation of U.S. prepare for defense innovation and worries of a widening "generational gap" in comparison to the U.S. armed force. Similar to U.S. military principles, China intends to utilize AI for exploiting big chests of intelligence, generating a common operating photo, and accelerating battlefield decision-making. [64] [4]:12 -14 The Chinese Multi-Domain Precision Warfare (MDPW) is considered China's reaction to the U.S. Joint All-Domain Command and Control (JADC2) strategy, which looks for to incorporate sensing units and weapons with AI and an energetic network. [65] [66]
Twelve classifications of military applications of AI have been identified: UAVs, USVs, UUVs, UGVs, intelligent munitions, smart satellites, ISR (Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance) software application, automated cyber defense software, automated cyberattack software application, choice support, software, automated missile launch software application, and cognitive electronic warfare software application. [67]
China's management of its AI environment contrasts with that of the United States. [4]:6 In general, few limits exist between Chinese industrial business, university research laboratories, the military, and the central government. As an outcome, the Chinese government has a direct means of guiding AI advancement concerns and accessing technology that was seemingly developed for civilian functions. To further reinforce these ties the Chinese government developed a Military-Civil Fusion Development Commission which is meant to speed the transfer of AI technology from industrial companies and research study organizations to the military in January 2017. [2] [4]:19 In addition, the Chinese federal government is leveraging both lower barriers to information collection and lower expenses of information identifying to produce the big databases on which AI systems train. [68] According to one estimate, China is on track to possess 20% of the world's share of information by 2020, with the potential to have over 30% by 2030. [64] [4]:12
China's centrally directed effort is buying the U.S. AI market, in business working on militarily relevant AI applications, possibly granting it lawful access to U.S. innovation and intellectual home. [69] Chinese endeavor capital investment in U.S. AI companies in between 2010 and 2017 amounted to an estimated $1.3 billion. [70] [64] In September 2022, the U.S. Biden administration released an executive order to avoid foreign investments, "especially those from rival or adversarial nations," from purchasing U.S. technology firms, due to U.S. national security issues. [71] [72] The order covers fields of U.S. technologies in which Chinese government has actually been investing, consisting of "microelectronics, expert system, biotechnology and biomanufacturing, quantum computing, [and] innovative tidy energy." [71] [72]
In 2024, researchers from individuals's Liberation Army Academy of Military Sciences were reported to have established a military tool using Llama, which Meta Platforms stated was unauthorized due to its design usage restriction for military purposes. [73] [74]
Academia
Although in 2004, Peking University introduced the very first scholastic course on <a href="https://rakidesign.is/">AI</a> which led other Chinese universities to adopt AI as a discipline, specifically since China faces difficulties in recruiting and maintaining AI engineers and scientists. [21] Over half of the data scientists in the United States have been working in the field for over 10 years, while approximately the same percentage of information researchers in China have less than 5 years of experience. As of 2017, fewer than 30 Chinese Universities produce AI-focused specialists and research products. [61]:8 Although China went beyond the United States in the variety of research papers produced from 2011 to 2015, the quality of its published papers, as judged by peer citations, ranked 34th globally. [75] China especially wish to attend to military applications therefore the Beijing Institute of Technology, among China's premier institutes for weapons research study, recently established the very first kids's curriculum in military AI worldwide. [76]
In 2019, 34% of Chinese trainees studying in the AI field remained in China for work. [77] According to a database preserved by an American thinktank, the portion increased to 58% in 2022. [77]
Ethical issues
For the past years, there are conversations about AI safety and ethical concerns in both private and public sectors. In 2021, China's Ministry of Science and Technology released the very first national ethical standard, 'the New Generation of Expert System Ethics Code' on the topic of <a href="http://maritimemedicalcentre.com/">AI</a> with specific focus on user security, information personal privacy, and security. [78] This file acknowledges the power of AI and quick innovation adaptation by the big corporations for user engagements. The South China Morning Post reported that human beings shall stay completely decision-making power and rights to opt-in/-out. [78] Before this, the Beijing Academy of Expert system released the Beijing <a href="http://denaelde.be/">AI</a> principles requiring important needs in long-term research study and preparation of AI ethical principles. [79]
Data security has actually been the most typical topic in AI ethical conversation worldwide, and many national federal governments have actually established legislation addressing data privacy and security. The Cybersecurity Law of individuals's Republic of China was enacted in 2017 intending to deal with brand-new difficulties raised by AI advancement. [80] [initial research?] In 2021, China's new Data Security Law (DSL) was gone by the PRC congress, setting up a regulatory structure categorizing all sort of data collection and storage in China. [81] This indicates all tech business in China are needed to classify their data into categories listed in Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) and follow particular standards on how to govern and manage data transfers to other celebrations. [81]
Judicial system
In 2019, the city of Hangzhou developed a pilot program artificial intelligence-based Internet Court to adjudicate disputes related to ecommerce and internet-related copyright claims. [82]:124 Parties appear before the court by means of videoconference and AI examines the evidence presented and applies relevant legal requirements. [82]:124
Because some controversial cases that drew public criticism for their low punishments have been withdrawn from China Judgments Online, there are concerns about whether AI based on fragmented judicial information can reach impartial choices. [83] Zhang Linghan, professor of law at the China University of Political Science and Law, composes that AI-technology companies may wear down judicial power. [84] Some scholars argued that "increasing celebration management, political oversight, and decreasing the discretionary area of judges are intentional goals of SCR [clever court reform]" [85]
Leading companies
Leading AI-centric business and start-ups consist of Baidu, Tencent, Alibaba, SenseTime, 4Paradigm and Yitu Technology. [86] Chinese <a href="https://jeanneandersenbooks.com/">AI</a> business iFlytek, SenseTime, Cloudwalk and DJI have received attention for facial acknowledgment, sound acknowledgment and drone technologies. [87]
China's government takes a market-oriented technique to AI, and has actually looked for to encourage personal tech companies in developing AI. [25]:281 In 2018, it designated Baidu, Alibaba, iFlytek, Tencent, and SenseTime as "AI champs". [25]:281
In 2023, Tencent debuted its big language design Hunyuan for enterprise use on Tencent Cloud. [88]
New leading AI start-ups include Baichuan, Zhipu AI, Moonshot AI and MiniMax which were applauded by investors as China's new "AI Tigers" in 2024. [32] 01. AI has likewise been promoted as a leading start-up. [89]
Assessment
Academic Jinghan Zeng argued the Chinese government's commitment to global <a href="https://kreatif-desain.com/">AI</a> leadership and technological competition was driven by its previous underperformance in innovation which was seen by the CCP as a part of the century of humiliation. [90] According to Zeng, there are traditionally embedded causes of China's stress and anxiety towards securing a worldwide technological supremacy - China missed out on both commercial revolutions, the one starting in Britain in the mid-18th century, and the one that originated in America in the late-19th century. [90] Therefore, China's government desires to make the most of the technological revolution in today's world led by digital innovation consisting of <a href="http://www.stampantimilano.it/">AI</a> to resume China's "rightful" location and to pursue the nationwide renewal proposed by Xi Jinping. [90]
A short article published by the Center for a Brand-new American Security concluded that "Chinese government officials showed extremely eager understanding of the concerns surrounding AI and global security. This consists of knowledge of the U.S. AI policy discussions," and suggested that "the U.S. policymaking community to likewise prioritize cultivating know-how and understanding of AI advancements in China" and "financing, focus, and a determination among U.S. policymakers to drive massive required modification." [35] A post in the MIT Technology Review similarly concluded: "China may have unequaled resources and huge untapped capacity, however the West has world-leading proficiency and a strong research culture. Instead of fret about China's development, it would be smart for Western nations to focus on their existing strengths, investing greatly in research and education. " [91]
The Chinese government's censorship regime has stunted the advancement of generative expert system [7] [8]
In a 2021 text, the Research Centre for a Holistic Approach to National Security at the China Institutes of Contemporary International Relations wrote that the advancement of AI develops difficulties for holistic national security, including the risks that AI will heighten social tensions or have destabilizing impacts on worldwide relations. [28]:49
Writing from a Chinese Marxist view, academics consisting of Gao Qiqi and Pan Enrong contend that capitalist application of <a href="https://wanasum.com/">AI</a> will cause higher oppression of workers and more major social issues. [28]:90 Gao cites how the advancement of AI has increased the power of platform companies like Meta, Twitter, and Alphabet, leading to greater capital accumulation and political power in fewer economic actors. [28]:90 According to Gao, the state should be the main responsible star in the area of generative AI (developing new content like music or video). [28]:92 Gao writes that military usage of AI threats intensifying military competitors in between nations and that the impact of AI in military matters will not be limited to one country however will have spillover results. [28]:91
Dialogues in between Chinese and Western AI specialists about the existential danger from artificial intelligence have actually occurred. [92]
Public polling
The Chinese public is usually optimistic concerning AI. [25]:283 [28]:101 A 2021 research study performed throughout 28 nations discovered that 78% of the Chinese public thinks the advantages of AI outweigh the dangers, the greatest of any country in the research study. [25]:283 In 2024, a survey of elite Chinese university students discovered that 80% concurred or strongly agreed that AI will do more good than harm for society, and 31% believed it should be controlled by the government. [93]
Human rights
The widely used AI facial acknowledgment has raised concerns. [94] According to The New York City Times, deployment of AI facial acknowledgment innovation in the Xinjiang region to detect Uyghurs is "the very first known example of a government intentionally utilizing synthetic intelligence for racial profiling," [95] which is stated to be "among the most striking examples of digital authoritarianism." [96] Researchers have found that in China, areas experiencing higher rates of unrest are associated with increased state acquisition of AI facial recognition technology, especially by regional municipal police departments. [97] [98]
Expert system.
Artificial intelligence arms race
China Brain Project
Fifth generation computer
List of expert system business
Regulation of expert system

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Further reading
Hannas, William C.; Chang, Huey-Meei, eds. (29 July 2022). Chinese Power and Artificial Intelligence: Perspectives and Challenges (1st ed.). London: Routledge.